View Full Version : Kent's Goth Pics !
Dirty Harry
01-08-2019, 10:40 PM
3 to start
https://i.postimg.cc/jSBFstQY/Goth-1368.jpg
https://i.postimg.cc/50S7qvcf/Goth-1369.jpg
https://i.postimg.cc/pVkcmDYZ/Goth-1370.jpg
Wendy <3
01-08-2019, 10:45 PM
http://i3.photobucket.com/albums/y66/Nifevar/evil_an_spooky_goth.jpg
Wendy <3
01-08-2019, 10:50 PM
http://i9.tinypic.com/4dcy33m.jpg
Wendy <3
01-08-2019, 10:51 PM
https://i.pinimg.com/236x/ec/68/82/ec6882e8cf5ca3db2718cf0345a8fc5c--music-bands-favorite-color.jpg
Wendy <3
01-08-2019, 10:54 PM
https://i248.photobucket.com/albums/gg174/stageshowbondage/roflbot-0Lhd.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
m0nde
01-08-2019, 11:18 PM
Kent I promise to follow the rules of this thread
https://www.holyokemall.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2016/09/hot-topic.jpg
Dirty Harry
01-08-2019, 11:38 PM
Stay out of my thread tell your friends also,I have not post anything in yours.
https://i1.wp.com/www.archivoshistoria.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/godos.png?fit=2082%2C1440&ssl=1
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tNv8DhvfBq0/maxresdefault.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1KLSh8uWpgs/VfnEMfHvnOI/AAAAAAAAAHY/bMGxnpgeK18/s1600/ed88dd03eb21bb1c0fdf8a4c35ff84a7.jpg
m0nde
01-08-2019, 11:59 PM
Stay out of my thread tell your friends also,I have not post anything in yours.
don't tell me what to do, I'm trying to follow your guidelines and only posting hot-topic goth pics. stop being mean to me.
m0nde
01-09-2019, 12:00 AM
https://i.redd.it/w086ro9x7kbz.png\
Dirty Harry
01-09-2019, 10:26 PM
https://s5.postimg.cc/f576uurwn/US_flag_half_mast.gif
Wendy <3
01-10-2019, 12:09 AM
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
Wendy <3
01-11-2019, 12:29 PM
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
Wendy <3
01-11-2019, 12:30 PM
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
Certified Lily
03-20-2019, 05:22 PM
3 to start
https://i.postimg.cc/jSBFstQY/Goth-1368.jpg
https://i.postimg.cc/50S7qvcf/Goth-1369.jpg
https://i.postimg.cc/pVkcmDYZ/Goth-1370.jpg
.
3 to starthttps://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpghttps://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpghttps://i.imgur.com/6odyP7h.jpg
Certified Lily
03-25-2019, 01:22 PM
Maks please. Leave the goth pics thread alone. I like them
m0nde
03-25-2019, 07:25 PM
lily, post pics of yourself in punk clothes, please, from the 1970s when you were in your 20s
Certified Lily
03-25-2019, 10:10 PM
You think you know my age your wrong the 70 my perky ass
And I will never post pics of my self
Certified Lily
03-25-2019, 10:18 PM
I'm goth not punk and i Dress like these girls do they are real goth
Old school goth i mean original goth true goth
m0nde
03-26-2019, 02:05 AM
if you post some pics of yourself we can understand what real goth means, you can crop out your face if it'd make you more comfortable
<3
Dirty Harry
04-28-2019, 10:09 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/GmCHyDDN/Goth-1717.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-01-2019, 10:14 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/bJsJh9XG/Goth-1720.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-02-2019, 10:08 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/xChdTNY6/Goth-1721.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-03-2019, 10:19 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/xjHZpd5G/Goth-1722.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-04-2019, 10:16 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/9MyBbD2r/Goth-1723.jpg
m0nde
05-04-2019, 11:59 PM
kent, why have you done this again? everyone knows Max Headroom is a white supremacist icon. Matt Frewer even apologized for how racist the character was.
Dirty Harry
05-05-2019, 10:30 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/90VYncX1/Goth_1724.jpg
m0nde
05-05-2019, 10:51 PM
snake plisken is a racist icon, kent. wtf?
Dirty Harry
05-05-2019, 11:26 PM
snake plisken is a racist icon, kent. wtf?
I am done changing my avatar here,Snake Plissken stay my Avatar here if you don't like you can kiss my ass. I bet my last dollar if I posted a ? mark as my avatar you would say it was racist.
m0nde
05-05-2019, 11:38 PM
why would you post a racist question mark as your profile pic? idk why you do any of the racist shit you do
Dirty Harry
05-05-2019, 11:54 PM
why would you post a racist question mark as your profile pic? idk why you do any of the racist shit you do
You are a asshole how would a ? mark be racist asshole ? ? ? ?
m0nde
05-06-2019, 01:00 AM
whoa, stop right there, kent. why're you suddenly callng me names? i'm just trying to stop you from being racist. when you do racist shit, it hurts me. try to put yourself in someone else's shoes for a change
Dirty Harry
05-06-2019, 10:19 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/wMVQKn7z/Goth-1725.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-07-2019, 10:31 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/qBXLC6QF/Goth-1726.jpg
m0nde
05-07-2019, 11:12 PM
Can we rename this thread to be Kent's racist profile pics
Dirty Harry
05-07-2019, 11:21 PM
Can we rename this thread to be Kent's racist profile pics
How is Goth pics that I post be racist,m0nde ?
m0nde
05-08-2019, 10:49 AM
They aren't Kent. Your profile pictures are all racist
Certified Lily
05-08-2019, 01:31 PM
They are not racist, keep posting them Kent
m0nde
05-08-2019, 01:49 PM
no one's saying hot topic goth pics are racist. they aren't. but kent likes choosing racist profile pics for some reason
Certified Lily
05-08-2019, 02:27 PM
Does not mean he is a racist
you think a deck of cards are racist
what about your avey?
m0nde
05-08-2019, 05:01 PM
that's me in my profile pic, do you have a problem with it?
Kent puts up racist pics because he's racist. If you put up the same pic, you may not mean it that way, but we know Kent does things for racist reasons
Certified Lily
05-08-2019, 06:32 PM
that's me in my profile pic, do you have a problem with it?
Kent puts up racist pics because he's racist. If you put up the same pic, you may not mean it that way, but we know Kent does things for racist reasons
nope was just wondering I like it
what about captain janeway, that's racial. isn't it?
your mean , But I love you any way :)
Certified Lily
05-08-2019, 06:35 PM
that's me in my profile pic, do you have a problem with it?
Kent puts up racist pics because he's racist. If you put up the same pic, you may not mean it that way, but we know Kent does things for racist reasons
nope was just wondering who it was, I like it
what about captain janeway, that's racial. isn't it?
your mean , But I love you any way :)
Certified Lily
05-08-2019, 06:39 PM
He does not mean it that way
He has changed his avey alot recently to please you, but every you say it's racist when they aren't
Dirty Harry
05-08-2019, 10:09 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/RhLnJzph/Goth-1727.jpg
m0nde
05-09-2019, 01:37 AM
there's so much racism on this forum, it's really worrisome
Certified Lily
05-09-2019, 01:55 AM
there's so much racism on this forum, it's really worrisomeI know sweetie and I hate it too
m0nde
05-09-2019, 03:41 AM
yeah, I wish Kent would stop
Certified Lily
05-09-2019, 04:21 AM
Jeepers , I give up, he is not a racist
m0nde
05-09-2019, 04:41 AM
you just said that you agree, that you don't like the amount of racism on this forum. And Kent is the only person being racist.
Certified Lily
05-09-2019, 05:28 AM
Not saying this again,, I do not believe he is a racist,If I thought he was, I'd fire him,he helps me keep it out of my forums,he obeys my rules
m0nde
05-09-2019, 05:55 AM
what does any if that have to do with Kent being overtly racist on this forum? he has repeatedly used racist profile pictures and admitted to it when confronted, since he's changed them
Certified Lily
05-09-2019, 08:08 AM
what does any if that have to do with Kent being overtly racist on this forum? he has repeatedly used racist profile pictures and admitted to it when confronted, since he's changed them
You do know there is a fake Kent right?
m0nde
05-09-2019, 08:29 AM
I'm talking about Kent's profile pictures, they're racist. that has nothing to do with a fake Kent
Certified Lily
05-09-2019, 08:49 AM
I'm not talking about the avey I'm talking about the evil things the fake made and said
Sorry honey, but I'm done talking about this we are getting no where <3
m0nde
05-09-2019, 09:07 AM
this has nothing to do with you anyway. i wish you'd stay out of it, if you're not going to help fix the problem. kent is a racist person who puts very racist things in his profile pictures.
Certified Lily
05-09-2019, 09:28 AM
this has nothing to do with you anyway. i wish you'd stay out of it, if you're not going to help fix the problem. kent is a racist person who puts very racist things in his profile pictures.
I already told you I was not going to talk about this any more :)
m0nde
05-09-2019, 10:28 AM
right, so stay out of it. this has to do with calling out Kent for being a racist.
Certified Lily
05-09-2019, 03:09 PM
right, so stay out of it. this has to do with calling out Kent for being a racist.What is wrong with you? already told you I was staying out of it
It can be fixed but you won't do it, stop reading his threads and posts, there problem solved, Admin are staying out of it to , in case you did not notice, dont ever talk to me like that again either
m0nde
05-09-2019, 03:29 PM
Holy crap, why do you keep posting about this? it's Kent's business, not yours. leave it alone. he's a racist. it has nothing to do with you
Certified Lily
05-09-2019, 04:10 PM
Holy crap, why do you keep posting about this? it's Kent's business, not yours. leave it alone. he's a racist. it has nothing to do with you
Your obsessed about this, I told you how to fix things
stop talking to me and I won't answer you, I don't like the way your talking to me, Do I talk mean to you? No I don't
go out and have some fun or something :)
Dirty Harry
05-09-2019, 10:34 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/TYTbMphD/Goth-1728.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-10-2019, 10:28 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/5NpCxbFk/Goth-1729.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-11-2019, 10:32 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/RZFnhy7C/Goth-1730.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-12-2019, 10:27 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/XYzBCLLf/Goth-1731.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-13-2019, 10:31 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/HLYbpyKy/Goth-1732.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-14-2019, 10:23 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/FK6VFxLB/Goth-1733.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-15-2019, 10:41 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/ydSXDShY/Goth-1734.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-16-2019, 10:21 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/4ykvVNwv/Goth-1735.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-17-2019, 10:37 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/4y665kFD/Goth-1736.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-28-2019, 09:57 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/50hQhZsB/Goth-1747.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-29-2019, 10:10 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/Bb2P4Mzd/Goth-1748.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-30-2019, 10:07 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/jqf7HSjZ/Goth-1749.jpg
Dirty Harry
05-31-2019, 10:14 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/J4WBPCDm/Goth-1750.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-01-2019, 10:06 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/X7cBP1d5/Goth-1751.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-02-2019, 10:17 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/0NXr9xzL/Goth-1752.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-03-2019, 10:15 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/qqy7c31T/Goth-1753.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-04-2019, 10:26 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/DfXm39nM/Goth-1754.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-06-2019, 10:28 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/GhP2HvBP/Goth-1756.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-07-2019, 10:14 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/kGT2f1dk/Goth-1757.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-08-2019, 10:39 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/Kcf3GzgJ/Goth-1758.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-09-2019, 10:16 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/xCYqYDfw/Goth-1759.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-10-2019, 10:37 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/Qt0N3Fn7/Goth-1760.jpg
^ LAST ONE UNTIL I FIND MORE !
Dirty Harry
06-12-2019, 10:19 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/kGh3sDJF/Goth-1761.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-13-2019, 10:24 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/h4CBcZLz/Goth-1762.jpg
m0nde
06-13-2019, 10:26 PM
Kent, please reply to Wendy, he's saying shit about your time in Vietnam
Dirty Harry
06-14-2019, 10:55 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/qMzdRcwm/Goth-1763.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-15-2019, 10:34 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/02F1J6H9/Goth-1764.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-16-2019, 10:27 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/g0P9NCW5/Goth-1765.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-17-2019, 10:23 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/yxGt95jL/Goth-1766.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-18-2019, 10:13 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/RZKy6gHT/Goth-1767.gif
Dirty Harry
06-19-2019, 10:11 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/3RJcq7bL/Goth-1768.jpg
m0nde
06-19-2019, 10:43 PM
kent
Dirty Harry
06-22-2019, 10:12 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/Dz3J0CyV/Goth-1771.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-23-2019, 10:35 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/hG8Jd9fX/Goth-1772.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-24-2019, 10:37 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/qRkNXz3j/Goth-1773.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-25-2019, 10:25 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/LXNny2kR/Goth-1774.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-26-2019, 10:35 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/C55dXXJ8/Goth-1775.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-27-2019, 10:16 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/wMcMbHH2/Goth-1776.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-28-2019, 10:31 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/Kv8myt5x/Goth-1777.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-29-2019, 10:10 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/zGL5y5MQ/Goth-1778.jpg
Dirty Harry
06-30-2019, 10:19 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/6QnXhcBL/Goth-1779.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-01-2019, 10:22 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/YCJ7gZBC/Goth-1780.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-02-2019, 10:17 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/QdjZzxkn/Goth-1781.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-03-2019, 10:13 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/QMtGX4zQ/Goth_1782.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-04-2019, 10:18 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/DZJ9GWnm/Goth_1783.jpg
m0nde
07-04-2019, 10:39 PM
kent
Dirty Harry
07-05-2019, 10:18 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/Qt2RJXdm/Goth-1784.jpg
^ Last one until I fine more !
Dirty Harry
07-08-2019, 10:02 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/7YhN0wNz/Goth-1785.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-09-2019, 10:21 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/ht7bZs6P/Goth-1786.jpg
Wendy <3
07-10-2019, 03:25 PM
Retarded old faggot lying sack of shit
m0nde
07-10-2019, 03:55 PM
what'd he do now?
Dirty Harry
07-10-2019, 10:12 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/C1wG1g1z/Goth-1787.jpg
Wendy <3
07-11-2019, 12:16 AM
GAY
https://i.imgur.com/Sv3tEaE.jpg
OLD
https://i.imgur.com/tdMyLoc.jpg
RETARDED
https://i.imgur.com/JwfH5FR.jpg
FAGGOT !!!
https://i.imgur.com/zEML1tK.jpg
GAY
https://i.imgur.com/vLC2YVh.jpg
OLD
https://i.imgur.com/DYHgSfL.jpg
RETARDED
https://i.imgur.com/jNjSl7H.jpg
FAGGOT !!!
https://i.imgur.com/hfDRUf9.jpg
GAY
https://i.imgur.com/YWxEmrl.jpg
OLD
https://i.imgur.com/rOL3vqO.jpg
RETARDED
https://i.imgur.com/GoWeARp.jpg
FAGGOT !!!
https://i.imgur.com/1nEGTbS.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!
https://i.imgur.com/JwfH5FR.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/UjEQlRp.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/YR2R0gv.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/9gUoKyn.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/XYsC3U2.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Dirty Harry
07-11-2019, 10:03 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/Hx3Q8hc3/Goth-1788.jpg
Wendy <3
07-11-2019, 10:33 PM
GAY
https://i.imgur.com/Sv3tEaE.jpg
OLD
https://i.imgur.com/tdMyLoc.jpg
RETARDED
https://i.imgur.com/JwfH5FR.jpg
FAGGOT !!!
https://i.imgur.com/zEML1tK.jpg
GAY
https://i.imgur.com/vLC2YVh.jpg
OLD
https://i.imgur.com/DYHgSfL.jpg
RETARDED
https://i.imgur.com/jNjSl7H.jpg
FAGGOT !!!
https://i.imgur.com/hfDRUf9.jpg
GAY
https://i.imgur.com/YWxEmrl.jpg
OLD
https://i.imgur.com/rOL3vqO.jpg
RETARDED
https://i.imgur.com/GoWeARp.jpg
FAGGOT !!!
https://i.imgur.com/1nEGTbS.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!
https://i.imgur.com/JwfH5FR.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/UjEQlRp.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/YR2R0gv.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/9gUoKyn.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/XYsC3U2.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Dirty Harry
07-12-2019, 10:12 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/KvCtTLjX/Goth-1789.jpg
Wendy <3
07-12-2019, 10:29 PM
GAY
https://i.imgur.com/Sv3tEaE.jpg
OLD
https://i.imgur.com/tdMyLoc.jpg
RETARDED
https://i.imgur.com/JwfH5FR.jpg
FAGGOT !!!
https://i.imgur.com/zEML1tK.jpg
GAY
https://i.imgur.com/vLC2YVh.jpg
OLD
https://i.imgur.com/DYHgSfL.jpg
RETARDED
https://i.imgur.com/jNjSl7H.jpg
FAGGOT !!!
https://i.imgur.com/hfDRUf9.jpg
GAY
https://i.imgur.com/YWxEmrl.jpg
OLD
https://i.imgur.com/rOL3vqO.jpg
RETARDED
https://i.imgur.com/GoWeARp.jpg
FAGGOT !!!
https://i.imgur.com/1nEGTbS.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!
https://i.imgur.com/JwfH5FR.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/UjEQlRp.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/YR2R0gv.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/9gUoKyn.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!!!!
https://i.imgur.com/XYsC3U2.jpg
FAGGOT !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Dirty Harry
07-13-2019, 10:00 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/PJRY2vMw/Goth-1790.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-14-2019, 10:14 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/mgxFkspB/Goth-1791.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-15-2019, 10:14 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/QdpKWyv5/Goth-1792.jpg
m0nde
07-15-2019, 10:21 PM
these threads are going to close real soon, Kent
sorry
Dirty Harry
07-16-2019, 10:10 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/W16t4JJw/Goth-1793.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-17-2019, 10:16 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/GpgYxSxp/Goth-1794.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-18-2019, 10:29 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/nhRCzhRL/Goth-1795.jpg
m0nde
07-19-2019, 03:30 AM
kent, do you want to start a fuckbuddy pics thread of girls youve fucked, no strings attached?
Dirty Harry
07-19-2019, 10:14 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/C5gKtB1c/Goth-1796.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-20-2019, 10:31 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/J05hWrHM/Goth-1797.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-21-2019, 10:05 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/25fPrV6P/Goth-1798.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-22-2019, 10:10 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/wBcnvgR3/Goth-1799.jpg
Dirty Harry
07-23-2019, 09:49 PM
https://i.postimg.cc/3R8V0V21/Goth-1800.jpg
Wendy <3
07-24-2019, 01:41 AM
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2014/09/03/300/7790200.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2014/08/05/300/7302352.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2015/09/02/300/13676887.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2017/05/20/300/17794614.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2018/08/11/300/19828810.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2014/12/11/300/9482118.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2014/09/06/300/7836133.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2017/01/14/300/17216140.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2014/09/13/300/7950152.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2017/01/06/300/17174274.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2014/12/04/300/9386116.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2015/01/22/300/10138590.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2014/08/06/300/7314370.gif
https://images.sex.com/images/pinporn/2015/01/30/300/10249541.gif
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Wendy <3
07-24-2019, 01:42 AM
GAY
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OLD
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RETARDED
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FAGGOT !!!
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GAY
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OLD
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RETARDED
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FAGGOT !!!
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GAY
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OLD
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RETARDED
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FAGGOT !!!
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FAGGOT !!!!
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FAGGOT !!!!!
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FAGGOT !!!!!!
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FAGGOT !!!!!!!
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FAGGOT !!!!!!!!!
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FAGGOT !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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m0nde
07-24-2019, 04:45 AM
now why haven't you done z good throat fucking thread, Kent?
this is what I mean by your threads bring low quality. In one post, Wendy has surpassed the quality of all of your shitpost spam, something to think sbout
Dirty Harry
07-24-2019, 10:31 PM
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Dirty Harry
07-25-2019, 10:16 PM
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Dirty Harry
07-26-2019, 10:18 PM
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Dirty Harry
07-27-2019, 10:10 PM
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Dirty Harry
07-28-2019, 10:16 PM
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Dirty Harry
07-29-2019, 10:13 PM
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Dirty Harry
07-30-2019, 10:25 PM
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Dirty Harry
07-31-2019, 10:12 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-01-2019, 10:24 PM
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m0nde
08-02-2019, 07:07 PM
low quality spam
Dirty Harry
08-02-2019, 10:07 PM
low quality spam
This place is not EZ,so keep your comments there & and you cant stop me here like you did there (Now I know you don't know what spam is).
Dirty Harry
08-02-2019, 10:13 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-03-2019, 10:25 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-04-2019, 10:14 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-05-2019, 10:14 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-06-2019, 10:11 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-07-2019, 10:30 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-08-2019, 10:19 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-09-2019, 10:38 PM
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m0nde
08-10-2019, 10:58 AM
This place is not EZ,so keep your comments there & and you cant stop me here like you did there (Now I know you don't know what spam is).
Kent did you vote for dombea trump?
Dirty Harry
08-10-2019, 10:52 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-11-2019, 10:33 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-13-2019, 10:42 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-14-2019, 10:06 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-15-2019, 10:38 PM
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internutt
08-15-2019, 11:03 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-16-2019, 10:31 PM
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m0nde
08-16-2019, 11:08 PM
in before merge, kent
Dirty Harry
08-17-2019, 10:52 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-18-2019, 10:47 PM
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Dirty Harry
08-19-2019, 10:36 PM
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m0nde
08-20-2019, 05:17 PM
Kent pologize to digimonster
https://i.gyazo.com/e178dba27533fbffd47d6a948f9089c3.png
Dirty Harry
08-20-2019, 10:23 PM
Last One Until I Fine More !
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m0nde
08-21-2019, 07:26 AM
Kent, pls apologize to digimonster and end this shit
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Dirty Harry
08-21-2019, 10:21 PM
You are doing a great job at EZ
internutt
08-22-2019, 05:53 AM
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Autistic Spectrum
09-07-2019, 09:56 AM
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m0nde
09-07-2019, 10:02 AM
please close this thread of lies, it is triggering
Dirty Harry
09-14-2019, 10:32 PM
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Dirty Harry
09-16-2019, 10:35 PM
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Dirty Harry
09-18-2019, 10:42 PM
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Dirty Harry
09-20-2019, 10:35 PM
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Dirty Harry
09-22-2019, 10:48 PM
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Dirty Harry
09-24-2019, 10:35 PM
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Autistic Spectrum
09-25-2019, 02:51 PM
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Dirty Harry
09-26-2019, 10:39 PM
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Dirty Harry
09-28-2019, 10:44 PM
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Dirty Harry
09-30-2019, 10:42 PM
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Dirty Harry
10-02-2019, 10:27 PM
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Dirty Harry
10-06-2019, 10:20 PM
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Edna Jacina
10-07-2019, 01:51 AM
Kent, its never too late to accept Jesus Christ as your Lord and Savior and repent.
We love you Kent.
Dirty Harry
10-08-2019, 10:28 PM
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Dirty Harry
10-10-2019, 10:32 PM
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Dirty Harry
10-12-2019, 10:47 PM
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Dirty Harry
10-14-2019, 10:36 PM
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Dirty Harry
11-09-2019, 11:37 PM
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Dirty Harry
11-11-2019, 10:20 PM
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Dirty Harry
11-13-2019, 10:29 PM
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Dirty Harry
11-15-2019, 10:30 PM
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Dirty Harry
11-19-2019, 10:45 PM
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m0nde
11-19-2019, 10:54 PM
What was old is new again
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Dirty Harry
11-21-2019, 10:40 PM
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Dirty Harry
11-23-2019, 10:34 PM
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internutt
11-24-2019, 04:05 PM
i c wot u did thar
Dirty Harry
11-25-2019, 10:36 PM
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Dirty Harry
11-27-2019, 10:46 PM
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Dirty Harry
11-29-2019, 10:31 PM
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Dirty Harry
12-01-2019, 10:22 PM
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Dirty Harry
12-03-2019, 10:34 PM
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m0nde
12-04-2019, 02:19 AM
AgingInPlace.org
Elderly Suicide: The Risks, Detection, and How To Help
Grace Grace
1 year ago
depressed-elderly-man
Elderly Suicide: The Risks, Detection, and How To Help
13 minute read
|
Updated for December, 2019
Suicide rates have increased by more than 30 percent since 1999 in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). States that have seen the largest increases include Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, South Carolina, Vermont, and New Hampshire, among several others. Nevada was the only state reporting a decrease, and that was by only by 1 percent.
depressed-elderly-man
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Table of Contents
Suicide And The Elderly
Factors That Raise the Risk of Elderly Suicide
Detecting Early Suicide Warning Signs in Older Adults
Suicide Prevention Options for Seniors
Developing a Response Plan If Suicide Is Suspected
Statistics provided by the CDC also tell us that an overwhelming majority of suicide victims are male versus female. In fact, 84 percent of those with no known mental health condition are typically male, with the remaining 16 percent female. Even those with mental health issues are predominately male, accounting for 69 percent of suicides for this particular demographic.
Suicide by firearm is the method used most often (55 percent), but suffocations (27 percent), poisonings (10 percent, and other life-ending options (8 percent) are sometimes pursued as well. But what do we know about suicide as it relates to the elderly, specifically?
Suicide and the Elderly
While older adults only account for 12 percent of the U.S. population, they account for 18 percent of suicide deaths, according to the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). Additionally, this risk increases with age; 75- to 85-year-olds having higher rates of suicide than those who are between 65 and 75, and individuals 85 or older have the highest risk yet.
The AAMFT also reports that the rates of elderly suicide are estimated to be under reported by 40 percent or more due to “silent suicides”—overdoses, self-starvation, self-dehydration, and “accidents.” However, the organization says that this portion of the population has a high suicide completion rate. This is mainly because of the methods they choose, which are typically easier to deduce as actual suicides and thus reported more correctly. The methods include using firearms, hangings, and drownings.
Elderly individuals also tend to have higher double-suicide rates, which involves both partners taking their own lives at the same time, according to the AAMFT.
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The second most commonly reported cause of suicide is experiencing a life crisis within the previous two weeks
Factors That Raise the Risk of Elderly Suicide
Although many people believe that mental health issues are behind a majority of the suicides that occur today, the CDC indicates that this is not the case as more than half of those who die by self-inflicted harm (54 percent) have no known mental condition.
Additionally, there is no single factor that leads to suicide, according to the CDC, but more of a conglomeration of issues that lead to the decision. Here are a few to consider, in order from most common to least.
Relationship Issues
Relationship issues are the top cause of suicide. One multi-study review published in the Journal of Family Issues reported that out of 19 different pieces of research, 12 showed a higher risk of suicide for men post-breakup and two showed a greater risk for women.
This issue is of particular importance to those over 50 as Pew Research Center has discovered that this age group had a 109 percent increase in divorces between 1990 and 2015.
Psychology Today shares that breaking up is particularly hard on people because romantic relationships involve “a significant investment of time, emotional bonding, shared friendship, and property.” Therefore, when all of this ends, a person’s sense of identity changes while they’re also experiencing loss.
Experiencing a Life Crisis
The second most commonly reported cause of suicide is experiencing a life crisis within the previous two weeks or even facing a future event that is expected to occur in the same time frame. One such life crisis, in the case of the elderly especially, would be the loss of a spouse.
For instance, the CDC reports that, while the average life expectancy in the U.S. is 78.6 years, this age changes based on gender. Specifically, the average lifespan for males is 76.1 years, whereas females typically live to be 81.1—a five-year difference. So, in heterosexual relationships, women can expect to outlive men. In fact, 53.5 percent of Americans over the age of 50 are women, according to the AARP.
Losing a loved one is never easy, regardless of who passes first, and Psychology Today indicates that the loneliness is especially problematic for seniors, often elevating their levels of depression. This puts them at a higher risk of suicide, as well as increasing their participation in risky behaviors also associated with elevated suicide risk, such as drinking and doing drugs.
Substance Abuse
Research published in the journal Clinics in Geriatric Medicine reveals that though the elderly are generally not thought of as substance abusers, evidence suggests that substance use disorder for people over 50 is expected to increase by 2.9 million people by the year 2020. The CDC’s numbers seem to substantiate this and reveal that the third most common risk factor of elderly suicide is problematic substance abuse, an issue reported in approximately one of three suicide cases.
Another study, this one published in Alcohol and Alcoholism, found similar results. After looking at 85 suicides with victims 65 years old and older, researchers learned that more than 35 percent of the men who died by suicide had a history of alcohol dependence or misuse. The same was true for nearly 18 percent of women.
Physical Health Issues
In September 2017, the American Journal of Preventive Medicine published research involving 2,674 individuals who committed suicide, comparing them against 267,400 control subjects in an attempt to discover whether physical health had any influence on the victim’s decision.
After analyzing all of the data, researchers discovered that while almost all of the 17 health conditions considered increased suicide risk, three in particular increased the risk two-fold: traumatic brain injury, sleep disorders, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Additionally, the presence of more than one health condition “increased suicide risk substantially.”
Parkinson’s disease is another physical health issue that can increase suicide risk, with one study in the journal Movement Disorders finding that one out of three individuals with this disease have active suicidal or death ideations.
Employment and/or Financial Factors
Getting older is often associated with retiring from a long work career, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that this isn’t exactly the case as 40 percent of individuals 55 years old or older are either working or actively looking for work. Additionally, this number is expected to increase for those 65 and older between now and 2024.
The BLS goes on to say that the reason the baby-boomer generation is working later in life is partially because they’re healthier and able. But some older adults work due to financial reasons such as Social Security benefit changes or because they need to save more cash before retirement is even an option.
The National Council on Aging (NCOA) reaffirms that many of today’s elderly are strapped financially, with more than 25 million Americans 60 years old and older living at or below the federal poverty level. This leaves them struggling to pay their housing costs and medical bills, while also impacting their ability to cover simpler expenses, such as groceries and transportation.
These types of stresses can add up, causing an elderly person to consider suicide in an attempt to release the pressure.
Legal Issues
According to the CDC, in approximately one out of ten cases, the person who dies by suicide has some type of legal issues that likely contributed to his or her death. Other researchers suggest that this number is probably much higher.
For instance, research published in the Archives of General Psychiatry looked at 27,219 suicides over a 25-year period and found that more than one-third of the victims had some type of criminal history. Additionally, though risk of suicide with regard to criminal history was higher for women than it was for men, both genders had elevated risks the more extensive their history was and the more violent their crimes.
Compounding this issue further are research studies that have found that older individuals with criminal records report being discriminated against by healthcare workers. This can be particularly impactful as a person ages, because older adults generally have higher rates of chronic disease (80 percent), falls (one every 11 seconds), and mental health disorders (one in four), according to NCOA, all of which require care.
Housing-related Stress
Some individuals commit suicide due to housing-related stress, according to the CDC.
In the book “The Social and Built Environment in an Older Society,” author Raymond J. Struyk says that the housing issues the elderly typically face include “deficiencies in the dwelling, the high price of housing relative to income, and overcrowded conditions.”
Yet, sometimes housing problems exist because of neighborhood issues or based on whether shopping centers and quality medical services are within close proximity and easy to access.
MORE ADVICE
Guide to Recognizing Elder Abuse And Knowing Your Rights - Elder abuse can often go unnoticed or unreported. Learn the signs and symptoms of abuse to help provider a better quality of life for yourself or another. Read More
MORE ADVICE Discover more tips for comfortably aging in place
Isolation-Induced Depression in Seniors Guide, Lifestyle
A Guide to Caring for Elderly Parents Caregiving, Guide
The Top 8 Early Signs of Dementia Everyone Must Know Guide, Health Feature, Health Hub
It’s important that you get help, even if it means sharing what they’ve said to you with others.
Detecting Early Suicide Warning Signs in Older Adults
How do you know whether the elderly person in your life may be contemplating suicide? Mental Health America says there are many warning signs that could indicate that suicide is being considered:
The person expresses depression or hopelessness
There has been a loss of independence
Having been diagnosed with a serious medical condition that could either dramatically change quality of life or end it prematurely
The senior is isolated socially
A loved one has recently died or there are family issues
Lack of desire or inability to deal with change
Risky behaviors are exhibited
Substance use or abuse has increased
Suicide has been attempted previously, or he or she makes statements indicating that life would be better if they weren’t around
Valuable possessions are no longer important and may be given away
Suicide Prevention Options for Seniors
If these signs are present or you’re otherwise concerned someone may be deciding to take his or her own life, there are many things you can do to help reduce this risk.
Talk with Them
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) says that taking the time to have caring, nonjudgmental conversations with an elderly person who may be considering suicide can sometimes help. When speaking with them, the SAMHSA recommends encouraging them to take advantage of wellness classes offered at area senior centers.
If necessary, you can even find the senior centers first to identify the options that exist before talking to your loved one about the benefits each would provide. For instance, some senior centers offer classes related to hobbies and special interests, potentially reigniting a spark for activities that they enjoy. Even fitness classes can potentially help as Harvard Health shares that physical activity is a natural depression treatment.
When talking with your senior, the Mayo Clinic says that you never want to promise that you’ll keep their suicidal thoughts to yourself. If you believe their life is in danger, it’s important that you get help, even if it means sharing what they’ve said to you with others.
Connect Them with Elderly Support Groups
Another option is to help them find support groups so they can connect with other seniors who are struggling with the same type of life issues. For instance, if they are depressed because they lost a spouse or someone close to them, you may encourage them to find a grief support group. If you’re not familiar with one in your area, Grief.com offers an online search option.
Or maybe it is the elderly person’s physical health that has him or her contemplating suicide. There are support groups for all types of conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s. Some are available at local medical care facilities, whereas others may be interspersed throughout the community and held at schools, in libraries, or at organizations that deal specifically with that disease.
Limit Access to Substances
Because problematic substance use is present in 28 percent of suicides, limiting your loved one’s access to drugs and alcohol can potentially keep them from taking their own life while under the influence. Some will hide their drug of choice, according to a thread on DrugAbuse.com, so you may need to look in unconventional places for their stash, such as behind books, under seat cushions, under sinks, in closets, and even in toilet tanks.
That being said, if the elderly person is addicted to a substance, additional actions may need to be taken to ensure that they withdraw from it safely once it is removed from the home. For instance, acute alcohol withdrawal can actually be deadly. So, in this case, you’d want to arrange for a safe withdrawal experience either at a rehab center or local medical facility.
Remove Lethal Means
Perhaps most importantly, if you suspect that the elderly person in your life is contemplating suicide, remove any lethal means that would make it easier for them to go through with the act.
If they have firearms, for instance, get them out of their home and give them to someone who can keep them safe until the elderly person’s situation improves. And if they have medications that can easily be overdosed, you may want to remove those as well (as long as it doesn’t impact their quality of care).
Admittedly, there isn’t much you can do in regard to some of the other lethal means that individuals can use to take their lives, like suffocations or poisonings with household cleaners. But the harder you make it for them to have access to the methods that can end their lives prematurely, the greater your ability to thwart their plans long enough to get them help so they no longer want to take this action.
Give your loved ones the best care
Caring for parents as they age is never easy. The help from home care services allows you to maintain your relationship while providing the best care possible.
Find Caregivers
MORE ADVICE Discover more tips for comfortably aging in place
When To Get An In-Home Nurse For A Loved One Caregiving, Guide
How the Opioid Crisis Affects the Elderly Caregiving, Guide
Isolation-Induced Depression in Seniors Guide, Lifestyle
Knowing what to look for and how to best thwart this type of act, as well as how to respond should they actually attempt it, can help you help your loved ones.
Developing a Response Plan if Suicide Is Suspected
If you feel that suicide is imminent, your response could be the difference between them succeeding or having the opportunity to potentially fight the issues that plague them.
According to the Mayo Clinic, the first step is to sensitively, yet directly, ask the elderly person questions to help you determine how serious the person is about suicide. This involves asking:
How they are coping with things
Whether they’re thinking about dying or giving up
Whether they’re thinking about suicide specifically
Whether they’ve tried suicide in the past (if you don’t already know)
Whether they have access to anything that can be used to end their own life
While you may be concerned that your line of questioning could incite the person to want to act on his or her suicidal thoughts, the Mayo Clinic shares that it won’t. Instead, it may actually provide an outlet for them to open up and talk about things, potentially reducing the desire to do it versus making it worse.
If their answers or actions make you suspect that suicide is a possibility, the Mayo Clinic suggests that you “get help from a trained professional as quickly as possible.”
In the meantime, you can also encourage him or her to call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-8255 to talk to someone trained to deal with this type of situation.
If Suicide Is Attempted
In the event that the elderly person attempts suicide and you find him or her, the Mayo Clinic says to call 911 or your local emergency number immediately while remaining at their side. Alternatively, if you feel comfortable and can do it safely, you can transport him or her to the emergency room.
If possible, the Mayo Clinic recommends that you try to determine if the elderly person used alcohol or drugs, which may be readily apparent if liquor bottles or prescription bottles are in the immediate vicinity. If so, this could help the medical care facility create the best treatment plan possible.
Elderly suicide is a major issue and one that involves many different factors. However, knowing what to look for and how to best thwart this type of act, as well as how to respond should they actually attempt it, can help you help your loved ones. It can give them the opportunity to consider the fact that suicide isn’t the best—or only—response that can give them peace, whatever their issues are.
Sources:
www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/suicide/index.html
www.aamft.org/AAMFT/Consumer_Updates/Suicide_in_the_Elderly.aspx
journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0192513X14562608?journalCode=jfia
www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/09/led-by-baby-boomers-divorce-rates-climb-for-americas-50-population/
www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/media-spotlight/201711/how-dangerous-is-broken-heart
www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db293.pdf
blog.aarp.org/2014/05/14/top-10-demographics-interests-facts-about-americans-age-50/
www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/media-spotlight/201503/grief-loneliness-and-losing-spouse
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146436/
academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/38/3/249/99011
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28619532
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635951/
www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2017/article/older-workers.htm
www.ncoa.org/news/resources-for-reporters/get-the-facts/economic-security-facts/
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21300938
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4308970/
www.ncoa.org/news/resources-for-reporters/get-the-facts/healthy-aging-facts/
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219340/
www.mentalhealthamerica.net/preventing-suicide-older-adults
newsletter.samhsa.gov/2016/02/02/preventing-suicide-among-seniors/
www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/exercise-is-an-all-natural-treatment-to-fight-depression
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/suicide/in-depth/suicide/art-20044707
grief.com/grief-support-group-directory/
talk.drugabuse.com/threads/do-you-hide-or-find-bottles-around-your-house.1869/
pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/61-66.pdf
Best Medical Alert Systems
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Dirty Harry
12-05-2019, 10:27 PM
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Wendy <3
12-05-2019, 11:37 PM
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m0nde
12-06-2019, 06:46 AM
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Elderly Suicide: The Risks, Detection, and How To Help
Grace Grace
1 year ago
depressed-elderly-man
Elderly Suicide: The Risks, Detection, and How To Help
13 minute read
|
Updated for December, 2019
Suicide rates have increased by more than 30 percent since 1999 in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). States that have seen the largest increases include Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, South Carolina, Vermont, and New Hampshire, among several others. Nevada was the only state reporting a decrease, and that was by only by 1 percent.
depressed-elderly-man
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Table of Contents
Suicide And The Elderly
Factors That Raise the Risk of Elderly Suicide
Detecting Early Suicide Warning Signs in Older Adults
Suicide Prevention Options for Seniors
Developing a Response Plan If Suicide Is Suspected
Statistics provided by the CDC also tell us that an overwhelming majority of suicide victims are male versus female. In fact, 84 percent of those with no known mental health condition are typically male, with the remaining 16 percent female. Even those with mental health issues are predominately male, accounting for 69 percent of suicides for this particular demographic.
Suicide by firearm is the method used most often (55 percent), but suffocations (27 percent), poisonings (10 percent, and other life-ending options (8 percent) are sometimes pursued as well. But what do we know about suicide as it relates to the elderly, specifically?
Suicide and the Elderly
While older adults only account for 12 percent of the U.S. population, they account for 18 percent of suicide deaths, according to the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). Additionally, this risk increases with age; 75- to 85-year-olds having higher rates of suicide than those who are between 65 and 75, and individuals 85 or older have the highest risk yet.
The AAMFT also reports that the rates of elderly suicide are estimated to be under reported by 40 percent or more due to “silent suicides”—overdoses, self-starvation, self-dehydration, and “accidents.” However, the organization says that this portion of the population has a high suicide completion rate. This is mainly because of the methods they choose, which are typically easier to deduce as actual suicides and thus reported more correctly. The methods include using firearms, hangings, and drownings.
Elderly individuals also tend to have higher double-suicide rates, which involves both partners taking their own lives at the same time, according to the AAMFT.
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The second most commonly reported cause of suicide is experiencing a life crisis within the previous two weeks
Factors That Raise the Risk of Elderly Suicide
Although many people believe that mental health issues are behind a majority of the suicides that occur today, the CDC indicates that this is not the case as more than half of those who die by self-inflicted harm (54 percent) have no known mental condition.
Additionally, there is no single factor that leads to suicide, according to the CDC, but more of a conglomeration of issues that lead to the decision. Here are a few to consider, in order from most common to least.
Relationship Issues
Relationship issues are the top cause of suicide. One multi-study review published in the Journal of Family Issues reported that out of 19 different pieces of research, 12 showed a higher risk of suicide for men post-breakup and two showed a greater risk for women.
This issue is of particular importance to those over 50 as Pew Research Center has discovered that this age group had a 109 percent increase in divorces between 1990 and 2015.
Psychology Today shares that breaking up is particularly hard on people because romantic relationships involve “a significant investment of time, emotional bonding, shared friendship, and property.” Therefore, when all of this ends, a person’s sense of identity changes while they’re also experiencing loss.
Experiencing a Life Crisis
The second most commonly reported cause of suicide is experiencing a life crisis within the previous two weeks or even facing a future event that is expected to occur in the same time frame. One such life crisis, in the case of the elderly especially, would be the loss of a spouse.
For instance, the CDC reports that, while the average life expectancy in the U.S. is 78.6 years, this age changes based on gender. Specifically, the average lifespan for males is 76.1 years, whereas females typically live to be 81.1—a five-year difference. So, in heterosexual relationships, women can expect to outlive men. In fact, 53.5 percent of Americans over the age of 50 are women, according to the AARP.
Losing a loved one is never easy, regardless of who passes first, and Psychology Today indicates that the loneliness is especially problematic for seniors, often elevating their levels of depression. This puts them at a higher risk of suicide, as well as increasing their participation in risky behaviors also associated with elevated suicide risk, such as drinking and doing drugs.
Substance Abuse
Research published in the journal Clinics in Geriatric Medicine reveals that though the elderly are generally not thought of as substance abusers, evidence suggests that substance use disorder for people over 50 is expected to increase by 2.9 million people by the year 2020. The CDC’s numbers seem to substantiate this and reveal that the third most common risk factor of elderly suicide is problematic substance abuse, an issue reported in approximately one of three suicide cases.
Another study, this one published in Alcohol and Alcoholism, found similar results. After looking at 85 suicides with victims 65 years old and older, researchers learned that more than 35 percent of the men who died by suicide had a history of alcohol dependence or misuse. The same was true for nearly 18 percent of women.
Physical Health Issues
In September 2017, the American Journal of Preventive Medicine published research involving 2,674 individuals who committed suicide, comparing them against 267,400 control subjects in an attempt to discover whether physical health had any influence on the victim’s decision.
After analyzing all of the data, researchers discovered that while almost all of the 17 health conditions considered increased suicide risk, three in particular increased the risk two-fold: traumatic brain injury, sleep disorders, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Additionally, the presence of more than one health condition “increased suicide risk substantially.”
Parkinson’s disease is another physical health issue that can increase suicide risk, with one study in the journal Movement Disorders finding that one out of three individuals with this disease have active suicidal or death ideations.
Employment and/or Financial Factors
Getting older is often associated with retiring from a long work career, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that this isn’t exactly the case as 40 percent of individuals 55 years old or older are either working or actively looking for work. Additionally, this number is expected to increase for those 65 and older between now and 2024.
The BLS goes on to say that the reason the baby-boomer generation is working later in life is partially because they’re healthier and able. But some older adults work due to financial reasons such as Social Security benefit changes or because they need to save more cash before retirement is even an option.
The National Council on Aging (NCOA) reaffirms that many of today’s elderly are strapped financially, with more than 25 million Americans 60 years old and older living at or below the federal poverty level. This leaves them struggling to pay their housing costs and medical bills, while also impacting their ability to cover simpler expenses, such as groceries and transportation.
These types of stresses can add up, causing an elderly person to consider suicide in an attempt to release the pressure.
Legal Issues
According to the CDC, in approximately one out of ten cases, the person who dies by suicide has some type of legal issues that likely contributed to his or her death. Other researchers suggest that this number is probably much higher.
For instance, research published in the Archives of General Psychiatry looked at 27,219 suicides over a 25-year period and found that more than one-third of the victims had some type of criminal history. Additionally, though risk of suicide with regard to criminal history was higher for women than it was for men, both genders had elevated risks the more extensive their history was and the more violent their crimes.
Compounding this issue further are research studies that have found that older individuals with criminal records report being discriminated against by healthcare workers. This can be particularly impactful as a person ages, because older adults generally have higher rates of chronic disease (80 percent), falls (one every 11 seconds), and mental health disorders (one in four), according to NCOA, all of which require care.
Housing-related Stress
Some individuals commit suicide due to housing-related stress, according to the CDC.
In the book “The Social and Built Environment in an Older Society,” author Raymond J. Struyk says that the housing issues the elderly typically face include “deficiencies in the dwelling, the high price of housing relative to income, and overcrowded conditions.”
Yet, sometimes housing problems exist because of neighborhood issues or based on whether shopping centers and quality medical services are within close proximity and easy to access.
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It’s important that you get help, even if it means sharing what they’ve said to you with others.
Detecting Early Suicide Warning Signs in Older Adults
How do you know whether the elderly person in your life may be contemplating suicide? Mental Health America says there are many warning signs that could indicate that suicide is being considered:
The person expresses depression or hopelessness
There has been a loss of independence
Having been diagnosed with a serious medical condition that could either dramatically change quality of life or end it prematurely
The senior is isolated socially
A loved one has recently died or there are family issues
Lack of desire or inability to deal with change
Risky behaviors are exhibited
Substance use or abuse has increased
Suicide has been attempted previously, or he or she makes statements indicating that life would be better if they weren’t around
Valuable possessions are no longer important and may be given away
Suicide Prevention Options for Seniors
If these signs are present or you’re otherwise concerned someone may be deciding to take his or her own life, there are many things you can do to help reduce this risk.
Talk with Them
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) says that taking the time to have caring, nonjudgmental conversations with an elderly person who may be considering suicide can sometimes help. When speaking with them, the SAMHSA recommends encouraging them to take advantage of wellness classes offered at area senior centers.
If necessary, you can even find the senior centers first to identify the options that exist before talking to your loved one about the benefits each would provide. For instance, some senior centers offer classes related to hobbies and special interests, potentially reigniting a spark for activities that they enjoy. Even fitness classes can potentially help as Harvard Health shares that physical activity is a natural depression treatment.
When talking with your senior, the Mayo Clinic says that you never want to promise that you’ll keep their suicidal thoughts to yourself. If you believe their life is in danger, it’s important that you get help, even if it means sharing what they’ve said to you with others.
Connect Them with Elderly Support Groups
Another option is to help them find support groups so they can connect with other seniors who are struggling with the same type of life issues. For instance, if they are depressed because they lost a spouse or someone close to them, you may encourage them to find a grief support group. If you’re not familiar with one in your area, Grief.com offers an online search option.
Or maybe it is the elderly person’s physical health that has him or her contemplating suicide. There are support groups for all types of conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s. Some are available at local medical care facilities, whereas others may be interspersed throughout the community and held at schools, in libraries, or at organizations that deal specifically with that disease.
Limit Access to Substances
Because problematic substance use is present in 28 percent of suicides, limiting your loved one’s access to drugs and alcohol can potentially keep them from taking their own life while under the influence. Some will hide their drug of choice, according to a thread on DrugAbuse.com, so you may need to look in unconventional places for their stash, such as behind books, under seat cushions, under sinks, in closets, and even in toilet tanks.
That being said, if the elderly person is addicted to a substance, additional actions may need to be taken to ensure that they withdraw from it safely once it is removed from the home. For instance, acute alcohol withdrawal can actually be deadly. So, in this case, you’d want to arrange for a safe withdrawal experience either at a rehab center or local medical facility.
Remove Lethal Means
Perhaps most importantly, if you suspect that the elderly person in your life is contemplating suicide, remove any lethal means that would make it easier for them to go through with the act.
If they have firearms, for instance, get them out of their home and give them to someone who can keep them safe until the elderly person’s situation improves. And if they have medications that can easily be overdosed, you may want to remove those as well (as long as it doesn’t impact their quality of care).
Admittedly, there isn’t much you can do in regard to some of the other lethal means that individuals can use to take their lives, like suffocations or poisonings with household cleaners. But the harder you make it for them to have access to the methods that can end their lives prematurely, the greater your ability to thwart their plans long enough to get them help so they no longer want to take this action.
Give your loved ones the best care
Caring for parents as they age is never easy. The help from home care services allows you to maintain your relationship while providing the best care possible.
Find Caregivers
MORE ADVICE Discover more tips for comfortably aging in place
When To Get An In-Home Nurse For A Loved One Caregiving, Guide
How the Opioid Crisis Affects the Elderly Caregiving, Guide
Isolation-Induced Depression in Seniors Guide, Lifestyle
Knowing what to look for and how to best thwart this type of act, as well as how to respond should they actually attempt it, can help you help your loved ones.
Developing a Response Plan if Suicide Is Suspected
If you feel that suicide is imminent, your response could be the difference between them succeeding or having the opportunity to potentially fight the issues that plague them.
According to the Mayo Clinic, the first step is to sensitively, yet directly, ask the elderly person questions to help you determine how serious the person is about suicide. This involves asking:
How they are coping with things
Whether they’re thinking about dying or giving up
Whether they’re thinking about suicide specifically
Whether they’ve tried suicide in the past (if you don’t already know)
Whether they have access to anything that can be used to end their own life
While you may be concerned that your line of questioning could incite the person to want to act on his or her suicidal thoughts, the Mayo Clinic shares that it won’t. Instead, it may actually provide an outlet for them to open up and talk about things, potentially reducing the desire to do it versus making it worse.
If their answers or actions make you suspect that suicide is a possibility, the Mayo Clinic suggests that you “get help from a trained professional as quickly as possible.”
In the meantime, you can also encourage him or her to call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-8255 to talk to someone trained to deal with this type of situation.
If Suicide Is Attempted
In the event that the elderly person attempts suicide and you find him or her, the Mayo Clinic says to call 911 or your local emergency number immediately while remaining at their side. Alternatively, if you feel comfortable and can do it safely, you can transport him or her to the emergency room.
If possible, the Mayo Clinic recommends that you try to determine if the elderly person used alcohol or drugs, which may be readily apparent if liquor bottles or prescription bottles are in the immediate vicinity. If so, this could help the medical care facility create the best treatment plan possible.
Elderly suicide is a major issue and one that involves many different factors. However, knowing what to look for and how to best thwart this type of act, as well as how to respond should they actually attempt it, can help you help your loved ones. It can give them the opportunity to consider the fact that suicide isn’t the best—or only—response that can give them peace, whatever their issues are.
Sources:
www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/suicide/index.html
www.aamft.org/AAMFT/Consumer_Updates/Suicide_in_the_Elderly.aspx
journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0192513X14562608?journalCode=jfia
www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/09/led-by-baby-boomers-divorce-rates-climb-for-americas-50-population/
www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/media-spotlight/201711/how-dangerous-is-broken-heart
www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db293.pdf
blog.aarp.org/2014/05/14/top-10-demographics-interests-facts-about-americans-age-50/
www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/media-spotlight/201503/grief-loneliness-and-losing-spouse
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146436/
academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/38/3/249/99011
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28619532
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635951/
www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2017/article/older-workers.htm
www.ncoa.org/news/resources-for-reporters/get-the-facts/economic-security-facts/
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21300938
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4308970/
www.ncoa.org/news/resources-for-reporters/get-the-facts/healthy-aging-facts/
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219340/
www.mentalhealthamerica.net/preventing-suicide-older-adults
newsletter.samhsa.gov/2016/02/02/preventing-suicide-among-seniors/
www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/exercise-is-an-all-natural-treatment-to-fight-depression
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/suicide/in-depth/suicide/art-20044707
grief.com/grief-support-group-directory/
talk.drugabuse.com/threads/do-you-hide-or-find-bottles-around-your-house.1869/
pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/61-66.pdf
Best Medical Alert Systems
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m0nde
12-06-2019, 10:50 PM
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Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation.
m0nde
12-06-2019, 10:51 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation1
m0nde
12-06-2019, 10:51 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation0
Dirty Harry
12-07-2019, 11:09 PM
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m0nde
12-08-2019, 12:45 AM
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Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation0
Dirty Harry
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Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation1
m0nde
02-02-2020, 12:00 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation
m0nde
02-02-2020, 12:00 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation2
m0nde
02-02-2020, 12:00 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation0
m0nde
02-02-2020, 12:01 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation4
Dirty Harry
02-02-2020, 10:08 PM
Very Juvenile monde.
m0nde
02-02-2020, 10:35 PM
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Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation1
m0nde
02-02-2020, 10:35 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation2
m0nde
02-02-2020, 10:35 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation3
m0nde
02-02-2020, 10:36 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation4
m0nde
02-02-2020, 10:36 PM
Skip to Main content
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age 18 years.
From: Adolescent Medicine, 2008
Related terms:
FMR1Down SyndromeNested GenePrevalencePhenotypeMutationAutosomal Recessive Inheritance
View all Topics
Learn more about Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation
Susan L. Hyman MD, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor (Second Edition), 2007
Basic Information
Definition
Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
Synonyms
Cognitive limitation
Developmental delay (global)
Learning disability (in Europe, not in United States)
Slow learner
ICD‐9‐CM Codes
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retardation
318 Profound mental retardation
319 Mental retardation, unspecified
783.4 Global delays
Epidemiology & Demographics
•
The incidence is 1% of the population, with a male preponderance.
•
Most affected individuals have mild mental retardation (IQ of 50 to 70).
○
Moderate mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 35 to 40 and 50 to 55.
○
Severe mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of between 20 to 25 and 35 to 40.
○
Profound mental retardation is defined by a tested IQ of less than 20 to 25.
•
Approximately 70% of cases of severe to profound mental retardation have a known cause.
•
About 24% of cases with an IQ in the 50 to 70 range have a specific medical cause identified.
Clinical Presentation
•
Relative preservation of motor skills may delay diagnosis.
•
Initial manifestation in early childhood may be language delay.
•
Medical and family histories help guide the workup (see “Etiology”).
•
Careful physical examination with attention to the following:
○
Skin examination to rule out neurocutaneous syndromes
○
Hearing and vision assessment
○
Motor examination
○
Head circumference: evaluation for large or small heads
○
Syndrome stigmata: examination should include dysmorphic features to allow diagnosis of specific syndromes associated with mental retardation
Etiology
•
A cause has been identified for 70% of individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and for 24% with mild mental retardation.
•
Embryologic causes
•
Microcephaly
○
Early decreased cell proliferation (e.g., genetic, embryologic origin)
○
Prenatal events with disruption of architecture (e.g., viral infections, vascular insults, migrational errors)
○
Early perinatal events (e.g., hypoxic encephalopathy, intracranial bleeding)
•
Macrocephaly
○
Hydrocephalus
○
Sotos' syndrome
○
Fragile X syndrome
○
Autism
○
Chronic subdural bleeding
•
Genetic causes
○
Fragile X syndrome, also called X‐linked mental retardation, causes developmental delays in male maternal relatives and is the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
○
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation5
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