Human body
Humain => Aham Manusy ([Aham + ]Manusy => [ham + ]Manus => Humanus => Humain)
Corps => Sharir / Vapus (Sharir / Vapus => Car + pus => Corpus => Corps)
Cheveux => Kesh (Kesh => Kevesh => Cheveux)
Yeux => Aksi (Aksi => As => Yeux)
Oreille => Karn / Kanis (Karn / Kanis => auris => auricula => Oreille)
Nez => Nash
Narine => Nad(r)i
Dent => Dant
Sein => Stan (t removed)
Ventre => Antr
Pied => Pad
Os => Asthi
Bras => Bahu + iirm (Bahu + iirm => brachium => Bras)

Religion
Prophète => Pratham vaktaa (Pratham vaktaa => Prafakta => profètès / propheta => Prophète)
Eglise => Ekatr milati (Ekatr milati => ek + lati => ek + lasi => ekklesia => ecclesĭa => église)
Prête => Purahit
Amen => Om
Dieu => Dev
Saint => Sant
Sage => Saadhu
Prière => Prarthna (we will find some more like this, where they took a part of the original word).
Meurtre => Mritue
Âme => Atma
Nuit => Nakt
Jour => Divas (Divas => Dies => diurne => jour)
Bonne => Shovon
Mal => Malin (Malin => Malus => Mal)

Dresses
Vest => Vastr

Relationships and titles, etc.
Père => Pitri
Mère => Matri
Soeur => Sasri
Tonton => Tant (like Tantsri, remember chopra's mahabharata?)
Roi => Raja
Reine => Rani
Sénat => Sena
Ministre => Mantri
Sieur => Sri
Monsieur => composed, mama + sri (my sir)
Dame => Damini
Madame => composed, mama + damini (my lady)
Nom => Nam
Prénom => A composed word, pré + nom, where pré is probably a shortened form of a root word like pratham.
Mentor => Mantr (someone who gives mantr?)

Pronouns, etc.
Toi => Tvam
Vous => Bhavan / Bhavati
Moi => Mama
Son / ses / sa => Sa
Qui => Ka
Quoi => Kim
Quand => Kadaa
Comment => Katham
Car => Karn
Entre => Antar

Nature
Terre => Dharitri
Nid => Nid(r)

Numbers
Un / Une => Ekas (Ekas => Unus => Un / Une)
Deux => Dwa (Dwa => Duo => Deux)
Trois => Trayas
Quatre => Chatasr (Chatasr => quattuor => Quatre)
Cinq => Panch (Panch => Pente => quinque => Cinq)
Six => Sas
Sept => Sapt
Huit => Ast (Ast => Octo => Huit)
Neuf => Nav
Dix => Das
Centaine => Satam

Weekdays
Just as we finish each of our weekdays with var, like somvar, mangalvar, etc. they finish this with di, like lundi, mardi, etc. This di, if we see properly, is nothing but a short of divas, meaning the same thing.

Misc, verbs, etc.
Donne => Dan
Caractère => Charitr
Nouveau => Nava
Vive => Jive
Charte => Chitr
Voix => Bhasa (Bhasa => vaca => vox => voix)
Donneur => Daatr(Daatr => Doter => Donneur)
Rater => Upcharit
Travail => Kartavya (Kartavya => Travya => Travail)
Rencontre => Ekatr (Ekatr => encontra => Re + encontra => Recontre)
Dur => Drid(r)
Conte => Katha

Animals
Serpent => Sarp
Cheval => Ashva (Ashva => Caballus => Cheval)